Airline Deregulation Act Of 1978 Signed - 1398 Words

INTRODUCTION Airline deregulation is the process of removing the government-imposed regulations on the entry of new airlines as well the airline fare limiting the competition and growth of the airline industry. In the United States, airline deregulation mainly refers to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 signed by President Carter. President Carter signed the Act, but the act was proposed initially during Nixon’s presidency, and was carried out by the Ford Administration. The airline industry was growing dramatically during the 1960s and mid-1970s. Due to the steady increase in the demand, airlines were facing three major difficulties- lack of free and stable market, high ticket prices leading to poor productivity, and rising†¦show more content†¦Section four, will be an overview of post-deregulation strategies and its success. Section five, will address the present day oligopolistic domestic airline market and explain how it is hurting social welfare. Section six, will present methods such as â€Å"mergers† or â€Å"alliances† which are being utilized to prevent competition. Section seven, will outline the major historic event of 9/11 and the impact it had on the airline industries, as it strongly called for government involvement. Lastly, I will conclude with few remarks. SECTION TWO: History of the airline industry and the CAB The beginning of government-imposed regulations on the airline industry can be dated back to the passage of the Civil Aeronautics Act in 1938. (Millbrooke, 2006) The Civil Aeronautics Act was responsible for transferring federal responsibilities for non-military aviation from the Bureau of Air Commerce to a new independent agency referred to as the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The Civil Aeronautic Authority soon became Civil Aeronautics board (CAB) and had three major functions: to award routes to airlines, limit the competition by controlling the entry of new air carriers into the market, and to regulate the air fares. (Millbrooke, 2006) The established practices of the commercial passenger can be dated even further back to the policies of Walter Folger Brown, the U.S. postmaster general in

Strategies for Math and Note Taking - 649 Words

Bianca Fields Miss Dibble SDS101 9 November 2015 Strategies for Math and Note Taking I believe Math is learned by doing the problems and doing the homework. The problems help you learn the formulas you need to know, to help with problem solving. I have learned from my own personal experience that you must keep up with the Instructor: attend class, read the text and do homework every day. Falling a day behind puts you at a disadvantage. Falling a week behind puts you in deep trouble. I have found that college Math is much different than high school math. College math class meets less often and covers material at about twice the pace than a High School course does. You are expected to understand new material much more quickly. So it†¦show more content†¦Another strategy I would like to try is to create my own abbreviation system, that would make it easier and quicker to take notes. Sometimes it is hard to pull out the main idea of a lecture. Highlighting important facts can make it easier to come up with the main idea. Bein g an active listener is important in how well you perceive your instructors lesson and how well you get your notes. Another strategy, is reviewing your notes. I find that it’s easy to forget what we have wrote down. Reviewing your notes allows maximum recall of the material you write down. Recording the general main idea and details can be more useful than verbal notes. Notes serve to record information for recall and should show the main points of the lecture in an organized manner so that the relationship between points and details are easy to tell apart. I believe all these strategies are very important to my success. I realize there are a lot of strategies to becoming a better student. Although, I haven’t attempted all the above strategies, the ones I have tried have been very helpful. I am going to follow and come up with new strategies to help further my chance at success in attending college. I’m grateful that I have been given an opportunity to better my life and my son’s life as well. The one thing no one can ever take away, is yourShow MoreRelatedFour Teaching Strategies That Increase Curiosity in Math Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many strategies and techniques that could be used in the classroom to encourage curiosity in math, but the four I chose to discuss I thought would be the most beneficial. This is due to the way they support auditory, visual, and kinesthetic styles of learning. The four strategies teachers could use to encourage curiosity towards mathematics in a classroom include co-operative learning, guided or discovery learning, simulate real life experiences, and active student learning. These fourRead MoreSucceed In Life900 Words   |  4 Pageswant to talk about what I’ve learned about becoming successful in the classroom and at home since they are the most significant in my opinion. 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Marketing Starts Long Before a Product Is Produced. Explain Essay Example For Students

Marketing Starts Long Before a Product Is Produced. Explain Essay Marketing must play the leading role in shaping business strategy as Philip Kettle said, marketing is the social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging product and value with others, A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, use or assumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organization and ideas. Marketing holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction ore effectively and efficiently than competitors do. Thus marketing starts with identifying consumer needs , then the product and services are planned according to the needs of the customer rather than the availability of materials and machinery. The goal Of marketing is to attract new customers and keeping them by delivery satisfaction. The focus of this concept is on customer orientation. MARKETING RESEARCH A company obtained hundreds of idea from internal and external customers, sales people etc, in order to ascertain the need for producing a new product through market research activities. Marketing research is a link between nonuser and public to the marketer through information that is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems, to generate, refine and evaluate marketing action, to monitor marketing performance, and to improve understanding of the marketing process. For instance apple computer wants to know how many and what kind of people or companies will buy its new ultra light personal computer. Marketing research specify the information need to address marketing issues, design the method tort collecting information,manage and implement the data collection process,analyses the results and communicate he findings and their implication. FORECASTING The organization must plan and predict what will happen in the few years to come and how they are likely to affect the companys products or services consumers taste and preferences keep changing The company therefore predicts whether a particular product /service is going to gain market share and adjust tactics so as to develop products that will be able to compete in the market and help the company survive. MARKET AUDIT The marketing audit is a systematic assessment Of the organizations marketing objectives, strategies, and performance. It provides the foundation for setting realistic Objectives and defining realistic strategies. It is divided into two parts. Firstly, it looks outside the organization to make sense of the environment the organization operates in,and identifies opportunities and threats. The external environment looks at political, economic, social and technological issues (the PEST analysis). Political: Marketing decisions are strongly affected by developments in the political environment. The marketer must take these into consideration: k What laws affect our marketing practice? K Is the law likely to change? Is the government likely to change? K Is this likely to affect our business? Economic issues: The economic environment consist of factors that affect consumers purchasing power and spending patterns. * Will the level Of inflation or unemployment affect our business? *Will interest rate go up or down? * How will income distribution and changes in purchasing power and changing consumer spending patterns affect or favor us? Social issues: Are consumer lifestyles changing and do we need to respond to this? The recent increase emphasis on ethics and social responsibility, how will we reduce the product to conform to these standards Technological issues: * What changes are taking place from a technological perspective? *Will our competitors have an advantage over us through new technology? Tater thoroughly analyses these issues, the organization does internal assessment. Do we have enough raw materials ? * Can we obtain them locally or import them? K Do eve have adequate, trained and skilled personnel to carry out the new product development or we have to employ new staff, * Do we machinery instead of human * Do eve have enough capital to produce new products MARKET SEGMENTATION Means dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers vivid different needs, characteristics or behaviors Who might require separate product or marketing mix. The company identifies different ways to segment the market and develop profiles Of the resulting market segments. Consumer markets can be segmented by many variables: * Geographic :nations, states, regions, countries etc * Demographic age. Ex, gender, family etc * Socio-economic: income, occupation, education etc. Having segmented the market, the company will know which segment to target and the components in that market. The product that will be relevant to their needs and the means by which the company can serve them better. POSITIONING TEST MARKET Test marketing gives the marketer experience with the marketing the product before going to the great experience of full introduction, It lets the company test the product and its entire marketing programs COMMERCIALISMS Fifth product is successful, then the product needed to be launch. .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .postImageUrl , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:hover , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:visited , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:active { border:0!important; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:active , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biography Precis -- Black Boy EssayThere are certain factors to be considered before launching a product. That is, timing : How the product is to be launched. K Where the product will be launched and When the product will be launched All these start before the product is produce and continues after launching the product, management wants the product to enjoy along and happy life They want to recover a decent profit to cover all the effort and risk that went into launching it. Marketing start long before a product is produce and continue through the product life cycle(PL) trying to find new customers and keep kind customers. The product life cycle is a course that a products sales camp; profits take over its lifetime. The PL tryst to find new customers, improve product, appeal camp: performance, learn from product sales result. The product passes through the PL where a new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity and decline. Product development; this begins when the company finds and develop a new product idea. Introduction stage is a period of slow growth as the product is being introduce in the market. Grooving stage : is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits, Maturity stage : is a period of slow down in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance why most potential buyers Decline stage: is the period hen sales tall off and profit drop. Because the company dont want to die, they do re-purchase to keep effective relationship.

Buyer Decision-Making Process

Question: Analysis of the External and Internal Factors Affecting the Buyer Decision-Making Process. Answer: Consumers are continually developing their purchasing behavior based on various life circumstances. Consumer behavior denotes the process which buyers pass through when making purchases and it encompasses factors that affect their usage and decision (Berkowitz 2006, p.101). Various factors also influence consumers choice of retailers, the brands they buy, as well as their shopping habits. Moreover, consumers are always influenced by factors such as psychology, personality, membership faction, social cluster, subculture, and culture in their decision-making process (Rani 2014, p.54). Every consumer has to go through a process of decision-making when purchasing various products. The process has five stages including the recognition of a problem, information searching, alternatives evaluation, purchase decision, and after purchase behavior (Hoyer, Deborah Rik 2013, p.189). Every stage in the decision-making process is strongly affected by the psychological, personal, social, and cultur al characteristics of the consumers. Thus, the paper analyzes various internal and external factors that affect an individuals decision to purchase a car. Both external and internal factors work together and are inter-linked to help the buyer in making various business decisions. External Factors Consumer buying decisions are frequently influenced by factors or issues that are beyond their control. Consumers always encounter numerous external influences when making purchasing decisions such as an individuals household structure, subculture, culture, and groups that he/she relates to (Dudovskiy 2013, par.4). They are called external influences by business owners and marketers because the influence source emanates from the customers external environment. The following is a detailed analysis of the external factors that influence consumer buying behavior. Group Behavior People are known to be social by nature, and they love to relate with various groups. Groups signify more than two people who share common beliefs, norms, or values and interrelate to accomplish a mutual or individual goal (Wright 2006, p.24). It is evident that almost every consumer behavior occurs when an individual is in a grouping environment. Usually, the norms of a group cover every important aspect of the groups functioning and flouting those rules may result in penalties. Moreover, a consumers behavior of buying goods and services can be influenced by the groups nature. For example, a consumer can buy various products depending on the groups cohesiveness, how frequently they interact and membership exclusiveness. Currently, various groups are focusing on the nature of products including their uniqueness and visibility characteristics (Szwacka-Mokrzycka 2015, p.151). Groups such as reference groups serve as comparison points for a person in developing either specific or genera l attitudes, and values. For instance, some people purchase Chevrolet car brand because, in their group, it signifies power and wealth. Family A family is a group of more than two individuals related by adoption, marriage, or birth and living together. Peoples immediate family associates play a significant role in affecting their buying behavior (Rani 2014, p.53). What individuals adopt from their parents eventually becomes their culture. In essence, when a person sees something from childhood, it becomes his/her habit or lifestyle. The family is the greatest basic consumption entity for many consumer goods. For instance, if a person is used to seeing members in their family drive a Mercedes-Benz, there is the likelihood that he/she in future will purchase a Mercedes-Benz. Culture Culture affects consumers through various values and norms formed by the existing society. Culture is an extensive environmental aspect that affects consumers behavior. According to various scholars, culture is always inculcated as it can be passed from one age-group to another through institutes such as religion and family members (Rani 2014, p.55). Additionally, when culture evolves it can affect the advantages of a brand or product with novel values. Hence, culture can make it necessary to change various products if the value cannot gratify the society, for example, TV series, or movies. Culture enables marketing managers to concentrate on customs, beliefs and values shared by a specific generations members to make them suitable clients for exceptional marketing attention. Therefore, individuals from cultures that value power, wealth, and influence will definitely purchase a car that exhibits these attributes such as Audi, Chevrolet, or Mercedes Benz. Social Class Various forms of social stratification or social structure have existed in every society throughout human existence. The social class of a consumer denotes his/her standing and ranking in society. Furthermore, there are numerous factors that determine an individuals social class, for example, income, education, and occupation (Burrow Bosiljevac 2012, p.168). Income is a significant determinant of social class, but there are other factors that compliment earnings. For instance, an individuals area of residence, world-view, and cultural interests are vital factors that determine the social class of a person. Wright (2006, p.26), asserts that social class is measured on the basis of prestige, power, and relative wealth. Hence, there are various levels of the social class including the lower class, working class, middle class, and upper class. Each social class has its purchasing tendencies and lifestyle orientation. For example, the lower class likes purchasing the readily available go ods and love having a close family relationship. The working class loves newest appliances, food items, and sporting events while the middle class always go for products in fashion, home items, nice clothing, and goods associated with self-presentation. On the other hand, the upper class loves art, traveling, equipment, quality merchandise as well as recreation and expensive hobby. In this context, the brand of a car that individuals purchase greatly depends on their social standing in the society. For instance, an individual from the low socio-economic background cannot afford to purchase a Mercedes-Benz or Chevrolet because their disposable income cannot allow that to happen. Internal Factors Internal factors also known as psychological factors fall into four categories including learning, perception, motivation, needs as well as attitudes and beliefs (Lejniece 2011, p.1275). Needs Need recognition is an internal stimulus that tells an individual that there is a gap between his/her real situation and the desired and ideal one. Hence, need recognition is a significant and the foremost step in the process of purchasing any product (Rani 2014, p.56). Therefore, if a person wants to satisfy his/her need, he/she would not mind the type of car to purchase as long as it serves his/her need. Personality According to Lantos (2015, p.105), personality is a set of specific characteristics and traits of every individual. Personality encompasses the interaction of physiological and psychological characteristics that results in a persons consistent behavior. Eventually, personality materializes into various traits such as sociability, confidence, ambition, charisma, autonomy, shyness, adaptability, and curiosity. Consequently, the personality of a consumer will influence his/her purchasing habits and shopping behavior (Rani 2014, p.56). For instance, people tend to purchase car brands that reflect their personality in the society. Learning It is evident that people learn through actions. When people act, they learn. It means that an individuals behavior changes as he/she acquires experience and information (Nayeem Casidy 2015, p.70). For example, when a person has a bad experience with a product, he will not buy it in future because he has learned its shortcomings. However, if customers have a good experience with certain products they will buy them in future. Beliefs and Attitudes According to Barber Dodd (2009, p.53), beliefs are convictions that individuals have on something. Through the experiences that consumers acquire, their learning and their external influences, they develop beliefs that influence their buying behavior. On the other hand, attitude is a feeling, an evaluation of an idea or object and the tendency to take action in a particular manner toward that idea. Attitudes allow people to develop a consistent behavior against a group of same ideas or objects. Equally, attitudes and beliefs are anchored in the mind of an individual and are hard to change. Therefore, if an individual believes that Toyota is the quality car brand in the market, it becomes very tough to change his/her mind regarding the brand. Perception Perception is the procedure through which a person organizes, selects, and interprets any received information in order to take an action (Lejniece 2011, p.1275). The perception regarding any situation can decide how and if an individual will decide to do something. Experiences, personal characteristics, and beliefs of people will have varied perception regarding different products such as car brands. Motivation Motivation drives a consumer to develop a buying or purchasing behavior. Motivation involves a need expression which becomes persistent forcing the consumer to desire to satisfy the same need (Lejniece 2011, p.1276). Additionally, motivation works at the subconscious level, the reason it is hard to measure. In essence, motivation is linked to the need and is articulated in the similar classification type as described in the levels of the customer purchasing decision process (Jham Puri 2014, p.3). Analysis of Consumer Decision-Making Theories Utility theory posits that decisions are made by consumers based on the outcomes they expect from the decisions they make. For this reason, consumers tend to make a decision that will maximize their well-being. For example, if a consumer intends to purchase a car, he/she would search the internet to identify the brand with the highest utility. Prospect theory, on the other hand, posits that an item is considered valuable if it is owned by few individuals in the society. To showcase class and power, an individual will prefer buying car brands such as Lexus and Mercedes-Benz. Consideration theory points out that a consumer always has a list of brands to choose from when making a purchasing decision. However, the consumer will always choose from the active brands in the market. The involvement theory argues that a brand is chosen based on its significance in the life of the consumer. For instance, individuals belonging to certain groups will favor certain brands because they denote a se nse of belonging. References Barber, N., Dodd, T., 2009. The Influence of Purchase Confidence on Information Source Selection: Implications for Hospitality Industry. FIU Hospitality Review, 2(1), pp. 37-57. Berkowitz, E.N., 2006. Essentials of Health Care Marketing. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Burrow, J., Bosiljevac, J., 2012. Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dudovskiy, J., 2013. Consumer Decision-Making Process: A Detailed Analysis. Hoyer, W.D., Deborah, J.M., Rik, P., 2013. Consumer Behavior. Australia: Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jham, V., Puri, S., 2014. Cases on Consumer-Centric Marketing Management. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Lantos, G.P., 2015. Consumer Behavior in Action. London: Routledge. Lejniece, I., 2011. Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior Assuming and Fulfilling Credit Liabilities in Latvia. Economics Management, 16, pp. 1274-1278. Nayeem, T., Casidy, R. 2015. Australian Consumers' Decision-Making Styles for Everyday Products. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 23, pp. 67-74. Rani, P., 2014. Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior. International .Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2(9), pp.52-61. Szwacka-Mokrzycka, J., 2015. Trends in Consumer Behavior Changes. Overview of Concepts. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 14(3), pp. 149-156. Wright, R., 2006. Consumer Behavior. London: Thompson Learning.

Request Stop By Harold Pinter Essay Example

Request Stop By Harold Pinter Essay Imagine that you are the director of Request Stop ; think of two different interpretations, and give advice to the actress as to how to play the main role. Request Stop is a short sketch written by Harold Pinter, a political poet, author, and playwright. This particular piece was written in 1953. A typical bus queue of the period would have been much the same as today, quiet and fairly antisocial, with people hiding behind broadsheets and magazines. The modern bus queue is boring. Nobody talks, except maybe for friends who are waiting, and everybody seems to not want to be there. The woman at the bus stop is somewhat of a mystery. There are a great many things that she could be. She could be an entertainer, livening up a bus queue by talking to everyone and anyone (even though she talks to one man, the whole queue is hearing her). She seems fun, lively, and talkative with her confident outbursts and taking offence at the smallest thing, then making a scene about it. Taking the idea that she is an entertainer, how would be advise the actress as to how to play the role? Since our idea is that she is a street entertainer, her clothing could be colourful, even clown-like. Lots of bright colours could be used, and maybe make up, to create the effect of a clown. We will write a custom essay sample on Request Stop By Harold Pinter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Request Stop By Harold Pinter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Request Stop By Harold Pinter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Her appearance would certainly be well kept, with ironed, clean clothes and clean hair, unless she wears a wig. The props she carries would depend on why she is there. There are a number of possibilities, including a television feature on why bus queues are so boring, or why people are so arrogant in general, using a bus queue as a living example. In this case, her props may include a microphone, or a cameraman. Another possibility for her presence is that this is an entertainment for charity, in which case she would be carrying a tub or collection box for donations. The actress would have to play with a lot of confidence even from the text it seems as if the character has a lot of energy about her, and the attitude given off is that she is in control of the situation. She knows how the people are going to respond, and it seems as if she has done this before, All Ive got to do, is report you, and youd be standing in the dock in no time. One of my best friends is a plain clothes detective. In her speech, the actress would have to use a comical method of speaking. Changing tones of voice would be good, and perhaps she could stretch out certain words, Who DO you think YOU are? Her speech would be fast paced, and the pauses would be brief, so as not to interrupt her momentum. Her tone of voice and the manner in which she speaks would be supercilious, that is to say, she would be superior, above everything. She would make the characters repetition more evident, Huh, I know your sort, and Theyre putting your sort inside every day of the week. Even h er props could be more comical, she could have a broadsheet like the others, and a few shopping bags, for emulation. The second possibility for the character of the woman, is that she is a sad character, and this is a tragic sketch. The title of the play fits in with this (Request stop, beggars request, or beg, for things. ), it may have a double meaning. The woman could be requesting a number of things. Money, gifts, possibly conversation or friendship. The entire plays structure is based upon a request, then a pause, I beg your pardon, what did you say? Pause, and Who do you think you are? Pause. She talks more after each pause, with the height of her tirade reaching eight lines. The people ignoring her aggravating and antagonistic behaviour seem to suggest that she is socially alienated. This point is lent credence by the fact that, whilst her character is called Woman, another female character is referred to as Lady (it is important to note that the woman also refers to her as lady. ). Since she is being ignored, she seems to create a two way conversation where perhaps one doesnt exist, Ask a man a civil question The people on the bus queue also seem desperate to escape her. The lady pays a lot more for a taxi to escape the attentions of the woman when she is asked to be a witness, much to the womans annoyance, We know what sort she is. and at the end of the sketch, everyone in the queue runs after a passing bus, leaving the woman at the bus stop. This could be a Biblical reference (Jesus teaching on the Good Samaritan), she is obviously in need of help, yet people want nothing to do with her and run off, or escape her in other ways, because they dont want to know. Maybe she is not the troublemaker she first appears to be. Her continued harassment of the queue could be, rather than just a chance to annoy, a silent plea for help. With regards to acting out the play, the only character that needs to speak is actually the woman. The man could be making insinuations by ignoring her, and the others do the same by running away at the end. True, she is irritating, but you have to look past the fai ade of her annoyance. As for giving advice to the actress with regards on how to play the character, there are, again, a number of possibilities. She could be homeless, in which case she would wear ragged clothes, with tears and dirt on them. Her face would seem haggard and worn, and her hair would be wiry, unkempt, and dirty the stereotypical homeless person, living on the streets. Her belongings could be in a shopping trolley, or some carrier bags nearby. Also, she could be mentally ill, or alcoholic. Props in this case could include a bottle, which she swigs from occasionally. The people at the bus stop would have to seem embarrassed by her presence, as real people are. The actress would have to create the diction for the lady. Possible suggestions would be a regional accent, maybe Geordie or Scouser. Her tone would be insulting or insulted, or both possibly. Her clothes would be a complete contrast to those of the clown character. She could be wearing all black, to show she is depressed. If she is a tramp then layers of torn clothing would be appropriate. Her energy would come in bouts she could be loud one minute, and quiet the next. Also her mood would change from one emotional extreme to the next, if she is an alcoholic or a mentally ill person. She could be placid at the beginning, then infuriated at the next sentence, then back to passive again later. She does not seem to be in control of herself, or the environment around her. This could be shown by the actress playing with her hair, or pulling sleeves on her shirt. Her running back to the front of the line near the end seems to be her attempt to insert assertiveness into her life, which suggests she leads a lacklustre life. The actress could bring this out. In conclusion, I would probably direct the actress and advise her to play the Sad/Tragic aspect of the character. It seems to fit the piece better, and leaves a lot more scope for acting than the street entertainer option. The play would seem a lot more believable, and would relate to modern day life a lot better, especially with todays audience. Because we have all been one of the queue at one point or another in our life, and this serves as a bitter reminder of that.

Gurus and other Teachers

Gurus and other Teachers Gurus and other Teachers Gurus and other Teachers By Maeve Maddox A reader expressed her disappointment when I left guru off my list of English words that end in u. I’ll endeavor to make up for the omission with this post about guru and other terms for teachers. 1. teacher I’ll begin with the generic word teacher, an Old English word related to token. A token is something that serves to indicate a fact. â€Å"To teach† is to show in the sense of â€Å"to guide, to show the way.† To teach something is to convey knowledge or give instruction. 2. tutor The Latin noun tutor derived from a Latin verb meaning â€Å"to watch or guard.† A tutor was a protector. In Roman law, a tutor was the guardian of a legally incapable person. The English word has been used in the sense of â€Å"custodian of property,† but its most familiar use is as â€Å"a person in charge of looking after or instructing a young person.† In modern American usage, a tutor is a paid or unpaid teacher who provides one-on-one instruction. Tutor is also used as a verb. 3. mentor The word mentor is an eponym, a word derived from the name of a person. When Odysseus left for the Trojan War, he placed his son Telemachus in the care of a wise old friend named Mentor; the goddess Athena, disguised as Mentor, guides and counsels Telemachus. A mentor, therefore, is a person who guides and advises another–usually younger–person. In American usage, the word is often used to refer to an experienced person in a company who trains and counsels new employees. College students are assigned mentors to help them settle into academic life. Mentor is also used as a verb. 4. sage A sage is a person of profound wisdom. The word derives from a Latin verb meaning â€Å"to be wise†; the verb’s present participle, sapiens, means wise. The noun sage is not much used in modern English, but the adjective sage is often seen, especially in the clichà © â€Å"to offer sage advice.† 5. maestro English has its own version of this word: master. A master or maestro is one who has achieved eminence in a skill or a profession. Taken from the Italian, maestro [MY-stro] usually refers to an eminent musician. Note: Several words borrowed by English to denote a wise person–including guru– derive from Sanskrit. 6. pundit This word for â€Å"a person who makes authoritative comments or judgments† is from a Sanskrit word meaning learned or skilled. In modern India, the word survives as pandit: â€Å"a learned person; a Hindu priest or teacher.† In modern American speech, the word pundit is usually applied to people who comment on current affairs or specialized fields. 7. guru Originally an adjective meaning â€Å"weighty, grave, dignified,† Sanskrit guru came to mean a Hindu spiritual teacher or head of a religious sect. In modern American usage, the word is used loosely to refer to just about anyone who knows a lot about some subject. 8. swami The Hindu word swami translates as â€Å"master, lord, prince† and is used by Hindus as a term of respectful address. Swami can also refer to a Hindu temple, idol, or religious teacher. 9. sadhu If you’ve read Kim by Rudyard Kipling, you’ve seen this word spelled saddhu. A sadhu is an Indian holy man or saint. The word comes from a Sanskrit adjective meaning â€Å"effective, correct, good.† 10. rishi A rishi is a holy seer, specifically one of the holy poets or sages credited with the composition of the Veda writings. 11. maharishi A maharishi is a â€Å"great rishi,† a Hindu sage or holy man. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi achieved worldwide fame as guru to  the Beatles,   Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowWhen to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Communication theory application assignment Essay

Communication theory application assignment - Essay Example Professor Maguire succeeds in gaining Will’s trust and confidence by revealing his own weaknesses, strengths, intimate emotions and true self to him. Different relationships shown in the movie reveals different communication theories. Will’s relationship with Professor Lambeau shows the expectancy violation theory in action. Social penetration theory can be seen in the interactions between Will and professor Maguire. Interactional view theory is evident through interaction between Will and his friend Chuckie. The movie is an excellent example of how being open and honest in a relationship can help in reducing the pain of life and gain meaning in personal and social life. The expectancy violation theory says that anything that happens according to the expectation does not attract attention (Littlejohn 135). People tend to notice mostly those behaviors or actions that violate their expectation (Littlejohn 135). The violation of the expectation arouses their interest and grabs their attention (Littlejohn 135). In the movie ‘Good Will Hunting’, expectation violation theory is evident in interaction between Will and professor Lambeau. Professor Lambeau writes a math problem on the board outside the class and expects that no one will be able to solve it. However, Will solves the problem and in a sense, violates the expectations of professor Lambeau. This act of Will solving the mathematical theorem is taken positively by professor Lambeau as he is impressed with Will’s genius (Good Will Hunting). Secondly, when he tries to approach Will with the idea of getting him trained and utilize his skills to solve different theorems, Will refuses to co-operate (Good Will Hunting).. This arouses the professor Lambeau and makes him to take attention of his behavior (Littlejohn 135). According to the ‘expectancy violation’ theory, the violation of expectation is not always

The impact of short staffing on qualityof care and safety of the Essay - 1

The impact of short staffing on qualityof care and safety of the patients - Essay Example In addition, a critical analysis of the effects of short staffing of nurses in various hospitals in United Kingdom is established in the research paper (Bullock, Clark and Rycroft-Malone, 2012). The essay utilises existing literature regarding the influence short staffing of nurses on the quality of the services and the safety of the nurses. The issue of the relationship between patient’s safety and short staffing of the nurses remains controversial in the healthcare sector. The safety of the patients refers to the conditions that contribute to infections, death and ineffective treatment. Most healthcare facilities in the world focus on promoting the safety of the patients by acquiring adequate number of nurses in various preventive health and treatment department. In addition, the safety of the patient is the critical determinant of the effectiveness of the treatment criteria at the hospital. A safe healthcare facility tends to attract more clients because of the trusts and confidence patients have on its services. Nursing scholars and managers have explored the concept of the correlation between the patient’s safety and staffing (Barron, 2009). According to the research, short staffing refers to availability of inadequate number of personnel in a particular organisation. Most of the researchers focus on the negative influences of short staffing of the nurses on the safety and wellbeing of the patients. According to various studies in the healthcare sector, the safety of the patients correlates directly with short staffing of nurses in hospitals (Vincent, 2010). In this case, short staffing of the care giving personnel results to adverse effects on the patients health in a healthcare environment. In addition, research indicates that patients suffer minimum complications and recuperate faster when they obtain adequate nursing care at the hospital. Furthermore, a

A particular event in american foreign policy with reference to a Research Paper

A particular event in american foreign policy with reference to a theory presented in class and in the readings - Research Paper Example It is increasingly difficult nowadays to maintain world power as it has proven to US president Barrack Obama in his tenure in the White House (Hook 2011). The whole world had been hit by the economic constrains and US being no exception it also had its problems. It has therefore become increasingly difficult to maintain the army and the rising cost of living in the US (Hook 2011). The Obama administration has dealt with many challenges while trying to accomplish one of its promises to improve on the American Foreign policy. The healthcare debate has been among the domestic debates that have really proven to be a headache to his administration. The American Foreign policy has been criticized for being self centered as it is considered to have emanated from an injured colonial history. The US foreign policy is made by domestic groups which are not considered very right and also due to the possibility of manipulation from the donors it has called for serious screening of the policy (Hook 2011). The US foreign policy actions therefore remain at a risk of being constrained by the media and other groups which have the power in the US.1 This paper will address the policy in details. The past century has seen America rise from being a regional to a world power due to its success in various fields especially in technology. The country was kept safe from global conflicts by the previous presidents who tried to practice global social exception of the Americans. This was the cause of the current problems in global and foreign relations as experienced in America today. US former president James Monroe in 1923 established the Monroe doctrine whose main aim was to separate the United States from Europe. Monroe further declared the European dominance and colonization of the countries in the West a threat to the US national security and vowed to ensure that little interaction would be allowed between the US and

The Brief History and Background of Petronas

The Brief History and Background of Petronas Petronas is an acronym for Petroliam Nasional Berhad. It was established in 17 August 1974 as the national oil company for Malaysia. Petronas which is wholly owned by the government it is the corporation which is vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia and is entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas has grown from just being the manager or the regulator of Malaysias upstream sector into a fully integrated oil and gas production. PETRONAS have been ranked among the FORTUNE Global 500 ® the largest corporations in the world. Since it was invested PETRONAS has grown to be an international oil and gas company with business interests in 31 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas Group comprised 103 wholly-owned subsidiaries, 19 partly-owned outfits and 57 associated companies. Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various oil and gas based activities. The Group is engaged in a wide spectrum of petroleum activities, including upstream exploration and production of oil and gas to downstream oil refining; marketing and distribution of petroleum products; trading, gas processing and liquefaction, gas transmission pipeline network operations, marketing of liquefied natural gas, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing, shipping, automotive engineering and property investment. PETRONAS is doing its business with the major strategy of integration, adding value and globalization. Their major facets of business integration are Exploration and Production; Oil, Gas, Petrochemicals, Logistics and Maritime, Research and Technology and Corporate Sustainability. The market structure of PETRONAS in this context means how PETRONAS fit into the oligopoly market. I will be discussing the characteristics of an oligopoly market and see how PETRONAS match the characteristics. Just to recap oligopoly is the market structure thats has few producers that produce same type of goods and substitute with each other. Examples of oligopoly are Oil industry which I believe PETRONAS fall under this industry, car industry and cigarette industry. The market is dominated by a few large producers of a homogenous or differentiated product. CHARACTERISTICS OF OLIGOPOLY PETRONAS Type of the product is standardized or differentiated Control over price is limited by mutual interdependence, or it is considerable with collusion Conditions of entry has significant obstacles Non-price competition is typically a great deal with product differentiation. The table above clearly shows that indeed PETRONAS fit into the oligopoly market structure as it fulfils most of the oligopoly characteristics. THE MAJOR PLAYERS OF PETRONAS Petroliam Nasional Berhad  (PETRONAS) is 100% owned by Government of Malaysia via Minister of Finance (Inc.). THE CURRENT TRENDS OF PETRONAS Petronas have gained unique skill and proficiency in nation building and this, together with their technical and operational competencies have allowed it to be increasingly accepted as the preferred strategic partner by international companies and the congregation countries where Petronas operate. This really suggests that Petronas is realizing their vision of becoming a Leading Oil and Gas Multinational of Choice. Petronas has transformed from a domestic-based national oil company into a fully integrated oil and gas multinational corporation and as a corporation it has experienced significant milestones. Below are just some of the highlights of the different years. Year Achievements 2006 Signed a joint concession agreement for the North Sidi Kirir Deep offshore exploration block in the Nile Delta, Egypt. 2007 Increased its equity holding in the APA Group to become the single largest shareholder in one of Australias biggest energy transmission and Distribution Company. 2008 Signed the main principles towards a new PSC with ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Malaysia Inc and PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd that would allow the two PSC partners to continue their upstream participation in seven oil fields offshore Peninsular Malaysia. 2009 PETRONAS Dagangan Berhad marked its first biodiesel (B5) delivery to Ministry of Defense (MINDEF) and Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), an initiative in support of the Malaysian Biofuel Industry Act 2007. PETRONAS Australia Pty Ltd increased its equity holding to 17.23% in the APA Group, making it the single largest shareholder in Australias leading gas transmission and Distribution Company. (Table 1: achievements of Petronas between 2006 and 2009, source: www.petronas.com ) What can be concluded from the above table is that PETRONAS is going places; its market is growing tremendously and there is no doubt that it is not shrinking. PETRONAS have expanded its market to over 30 countries around the world. It has been accepted as the strategic partners by those countries that they are developing their petroleum industry. HOW DOES TECHNOLOGY AFFECT PETRONAS Today we live in a world that is controlled by technology. Almost everything that is done there should be technology included in the process. Petronas as well is significantly being affected by the technological changes that are currently happening worldwide. Looking upon the globalization practices that PETRONAS are currently undertaking, technology is affecting this whole process of the organization. When Petronas is producing using technology, production will be more efficient and that will result in supply being increased. That means due to the advance in technology the supply curve for PETRONAS will increase. Price P 2 P 1 Q 2 Q1 Quantity supplied Diagram 1: how technological changes affect the supply of Petronas However, technology is not the only factor of production existing in the producers plant. There exist more complex interrelationships between these factors to be able to exploit the improved efficiency of one. The most crucial of all is governing human resources. Without proper guidance from the leaders of a firm, production efficiency will not hold because of resistance, de-motivation or just a plain technological ignorance. Technology is not 100% automated and human intervention as well as errors is inevitable. Moreover, technology may also be intended for a specific segment of the industry, say, large corporations. As such, aggregate supply may not necessarily increase because small entrepreneurs who cannot afford to buy the technology cannot contribute in increasing supply. PETRONAS ADVERTISING STRATERGIES PETRONAS just like any company it needs to draw its business to its potential customers so as such there are certain advertising ways that they use to reach out to its customers and the country as a whole. The advertising strategy that PETRONAS has used is a heart strings commercials, (which of course is advertising using the television as the type of media), this means that PETRONAS has used commercials that often create an emotional ambience that draws you to the advertisement and makes you feel great and or so sad. Normally people are more attracted by products that make them feel good or even sad in some cases. PETRONAS has used one of its commercial the PETRONAS Advertisement: Raya 2006 that has touched so many and the video was uploaded on you tube. Even people who watch a lot of PETRONAS advertisements have said that they enjoy watching them and they are always eager for the new advertisements. Petronas also make commercials for every festival that are always happening in Mala ysia example could be of the 49th  Merdeka  Day. The other way that PETRONAS use to advertise is through billboards and newspapers. For billboards as you drive along the road you will find huge boards advertising PETRONAS and by such somebody can come to know about PETRONAS through this way. COLLABORATIONS WITH OTHER MARKETS Petronas is collaborating with some markets and this makes PETRONAS more popular among other markets that they are interacting with. EDUCATION PETRONAS recognize the value of education and it believes that it can develop human capability through education. As such Petronas is collaborating with the education sector in the form of awarding sponsorship loans to local and international students. The Petronas unit that is responsible for handling education matters is called the Education Sponsorship Unit. The sponsorship is in the form of convertible loan. Based on the academic results, co-curricular activities, the family back ground and the assessment of the students personality PETRONAS just dont give out sponsorship but it has criteria that students should meet. PETRONAS has 6 human and capital development programs in Malaysia and abroad. These programs are Educational Training Institutions: In this program Petronas provide world-class educational and training services to people and the nation through the various institutions they have established such as University Technology PETRONAS (UTP), Academy Laut Malaysia, (ALAM )PETRONAS Management Sdn Bhd (PERMATA) and Institute Technology Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP). Education Sponsorship Unit: This is the unit that is responsible for handling education matters. PETRONAS e-learning: control the latest information and communication technology (ICT) to provide online training and development programs for Petronas employees. It also offers a wide range of online learning materials, online courses as well as services including eLearning courseware and portal development, designed for professionals. Petrosains: This interactive Science Discovery Centre that encourages the Malaysian public to learn more about science, and explore the infinite possibilities it offers. Schools Outreach: this is a program where PETRONAS outreach for certain schools and invests a considerable effort and resources into education-based outreach activities to inspire and develop the community. Industrial Training: this is the program in which PETRONAS grant students opportunities to partake structured Industrial training. Students that have awarded the sponsorship after they finish their tertiary studies have their convertible loans converted into full scholarship. These students have a binding contract with Petronas that after they finish school they work for the company for two years and for every year they are sponsored. MOTORSPORT Petronas was one of the main sponsors of the BMW Sauber formula one team and it provides fuel and lubricant to the team. Lately last year it was confirmed that it was moving from BMW to the newly-formed Mercedes Grand Prix. Also it is the main sponsor of the Malaysian Grand Prix and the co-sponsors of the Chinese Grand Prix. As part of its corporate social responsibility program, Petronas also brings underprivileged children to watch the race. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION PETRONAS is a company which falls under the oligopoly type of market structures. Wholly owned by the government, PETRONAS is the countrys one of the company that provide petroleum and gas for the country. PETRONAS from its previous years it has been growing nationwide and worldwide as it has some of its products being used in other countries even outside Asia and as far as Egypt in Africa. It is making a whole lot of profits from its products and as such the country benefits a lot from it. PETRONAS does not only care for the production of petroleum and gas but also collaborate with other markets such as education and provide sponsorship loans to those students which need them. PETRONAS also have established various institutions as their main aim is to enrich the nation with quality education. PETRONAS also participate in somehow entertainment market as it is one of the main sponsors of the newly-formed Mercedes Grand Prix and also main sponsor of the Malaysian Grand Prix. RECOMMENDATIONS As PETRONAS is wholly owned by the government and it has been the company that the government has been focusing on, I recommend that it merge with other energy company which is Tenaga Nasional Berhad. If the government for the next decade focuses on Biomass, PETRONAS should merge with companies such as Sime Derby which was recognized as the biomass champion, as I believe this effort coupled with reengineering technology, will reap a sustainable company that will have a good impact for both energy and food sector in Malaysia.

Service Providing Robots :: Robotics

Many years ago, service-providing robots have been considered no more as fictitious thoughts made by deranged scientists and professors. In recent years, people have seen it become a reality. Within the past few years, many robotic products have come out that provide services for humans. Demand for these products have increased dramatically since then. One such robot is the Roomba, by iRobot. One author stated, â€Å"Uh oh. Somebody’s going to have to clean this up, I thought, looking down at the sausage and hamburger bits all over the carpet†¦As I went to get the vacuum cleaner, I wondered if it was time to get a personal robot.† He isn’t alone, stating that more than 1.5 million domestic cleaning robots have been sold by iRobot alone. They make four different models that clean all types of surfaces. Due to this sudden increase in sales, other companies have produced other robot types. A few examples are the Zucchetti Orazio floor cleaner, the Karcher RC3000 Robocleaner, and the Electrolux EL520A Trilobite. Although demand has not caught up to the new boom in the industry, the companies will welcome consumers with open arms when they decide to make the switch also. (Toplikar) Another article, released in 2003, states that in the first six months of that year, there was a twenty-six percent increase in demand for domestic and industrious robots for households and factories. Between January and June of 2003, 80,000 new robots were sold in Europe alone, claims the UN Economic Commission for Europe and the International Federation of Robotics, despite the twelve percent drop in the robotics market the previous year. Sales in North America increased an amazing thirty-five percent; a true economical boom. Industry still uses the majority of robots in manufacturing, although domestic units continue to grow. The majority of robots are in Japan, yet sales and use of robots in the United States will likely rise up as well. In 2002, new units, such as the automated lawnmowers and vacuum cleaners, rose from 20,000 to 33,000 units in a single year. (Clark) A third article talks about the disappointment in the year 2001, when Sony’s Aibo, a limited robotic dog came out, and how robots are going to improve in the years to come. In a talk with the creator of RoboSapiens, Mark Tilden, he explains the realistic future of robots. Robots are going to match their function, such as for entertainment, cleaning, and intelligent service. Robots already are becoming exactly what he said. In the year 2010, it is predicted that there will be 55.5 million robots, with a market of $75

Dream Essay Essay

Imagine yourself 10 years from now. After spending most of your young life cramped inside of an overpopulated school, you are anxious to begin your dream job, the job that you have been waiting for since grade school. Now, it’s finally yours and no one can take it away from you, no matter how hard they try. Everyone has a dream that they would like to have come true later in life, whether it’s to have their dream job, or to meet their favorite celebrity. My dream in life is to finish school and become a doctor. I want this dream to come true because ever since the doctors at Saint Barnabas hospital saved my mother from dying from birth, my brother from dying from multiple asthma attacks, and my grandma from breast cancer, I knew I wanted to be like them someday, helping to save the lives of young(and old)people. There are multiple steps that I would have to take for me to fulfill my dream of becoming a doctor. The first step to accomplishing my goal is attending an Ivy League School. The best way to be able to attend an Ivy League School is getting admirable grades early. Ivy League Schools most likely won’t admit you to their school if you start doing well in school late in high school. You should also challenge yourself academically. This means taking advanced courses, especially ones that offer college credits. Ivy League Schools prefer students who do well in a challenging course than one that does exceptional in an average one. Although this may be a tedious task, I believe that it’s worth the wait. To accomplish my goal to become a doctor, I will have to be very studious and diligent for me to be able to finish school. When I close my eyes, I can imagine myself 15, 20 years from now, accomplishing my dream of becoming a doctor. After a long day of working as a doctor in my office in California, I finally get to come home to my wonderful husband, 2 kids, 2 dogs, a turtle, a hamster, and a guinea pig. The scene when I get home is different everyday. Sometimes, I come home to the find everything serene and the kids doing homework or the kids watching television with the dogs at their feet. But other times, I come home to total chaos. The kids are fighting for no apparent reason and the house is flipped completely upside down. But, even with the chaos, I love my family and wouldn’t change anything, even if I could. I can already imagine myself taking care of a patient. I’m working in my office when the doctors rush him in, telling me that he’s been in a horrible car accident and is unresponsive. They also tell me that a piece of the metal highway barrier has entered his body and when I look down, I can see it jutting out of the lower section of his thigh. We rush him into an operating room, give him the anesthesia, and start the procedure to remove the jutting highway barrier from the man’s body. After 6 hours, 3 cups of coffee, and a lot of skin and blood lost, we finally removed the piece of metal out of the man’s thigh. After the procedure, I got many accolades from my fellow doctors. Being a doctor demonstrates all of the capricious things that happen in life, but everyday, I revel the fact that I get to live out my dreams. Now that my dream is a reality, I can say that after many years of working hard in school, have accomplished my goal of becoming a doctor. Now, I can probably better understand how tired my mom actually was taking care of two kids and working full time. Working full time and becoming a mother to two kids makes me appreciate my mother even more than I already do. I know how hard she works to take care of me and my little brother and also to be able to pay all bills. Becoming a doctor changed my family’s life because now, instead of them taking care of me, I am old enough to take care of myself, and my family members. I hope that instead of fantasizing about it, I will actually get to live out my dream 15, 20 years from now.

REVISION OF PROBLEM GAMBLING

REVISION OF PROBLEM GAMBLING Introduction Gambling involves three things the stakes, the prizes and the result. The stakes include things of value that are placed by the parties involved. The prize is the valuable thing that participants opt to win after betting. The result is the outcome of the event that determines who wins and who loses (Fabiansson, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Revision of Problem Gambling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any activity involving the three aspects is gambling. Some examples of gambling events betting such as horse races or sporting events; playing casino games for money; buying lottery tickets; participation in prize-draws and newspaper competitions (Collins, 2003, p. 15). How gambling has evolved Over the past century and a half, gambling has evolved from being a furtive back-street activity to a multimillion-pound gambling industry (Parsons Webster, 2000). Governments of many nations are using legalized gambling as a source of revenue, and the citizens have accepted it as a source of entertainment (Stitt, 2001). Unlike in the olden days where a gambling event was organized once in a while, and people had to wait for the next events, today, the activity has been on for 24 hours with instant results and people do not have to wait for too long (Bourie Curtis, 2006). Gambling is prominent in today’s society. It entertains, but can also have a disastrous effect on a person’s life (Thompson, 2001, p. 437). Relevance of the topic According to the BBC (2011, para 1), the amount of betting has increased to levels last seen in the late 1990s. Nowadays, there are many problem gamblers, and the British society is in danger of being de-sensitised to the problems that gambling can bring (BBC, 2011, para 16). Experts at the National Centre drew a research by the British Gambling Prevalence Survey in 2007 for Social Research (NCSR). It was found that there was an incremen t in the number of people gambling within the UK. The number of people betting for the last report increased from 63% to 73% between 2006 and 2007 respectively. In their comments to the survey authors, the majority claimed that they were gambling for fun. Others said that they were doing it to try out their chances of winning big money (Spapens, Littler Fijnaut, 2008, p. 37).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was noted that people in the UK were gambling in different ways. However, few of them engaged in online gaming. The majority, almost 60% of adults within the UK participated in the National lottery. Nevertheless, it was noted that football gambling reduced considerably. It reduced from 9 to 4 percent in the first decade of the second millennium (Fabiansson, 2010). The reasoning behind the researchers’ decision to focus on the social and financial factors of gambling within the UK is because of the significant increase in gambling-related problems within Britain. In order to know whether gamblers had a problem, the statisticians used two different and complex measures to measure them. They surveyed for several behaviours of gamblers wanting to recover their stakes back (chasing losses). In many cases, the gamblers found themselves being exploited (Berleur, 2010, p. 19). The casinos fall into the leisure activities and most casino venues are business oriented. The venues tend to provide restaurant services, great music, and classy bars. In contrast to being an entertaining game for many people, gambling has negative impacts to people especially on their finances. Some individuals suffer from a gambling addiction, which can ruin their financial and personal lives (Wardle, 2007, p. 17). Negative impacts on today’s society (both psychological and financial) Gambling is conducted in various places such as casinos, Internet and elec tronic machines among many other places. Since the time of its innovation, gambling has never had chances of being easily accessed and ever available (Rule Sibanyoni, 2000, p. 21). As has been noted, gambling can lead to a serious addiction problem. It can lead to financial instability of an individual. Once the problem gambling strikes into a person’s life, it takes control over his or her life. It affects their home life, work environment, performance and their parenthood (in this case, being good parents). People affected with problem gambling find themselves under pressure that may force them into sourcing money through illegal means (Volberg, 2001, p. 121). Aims of the dissertation The aim of the dissertation is to examine the premise of this theory on the youth generation using Leeds and its gambling market (casinos) as its focus. ObjectivesAdvertising We will write a custom case study sample on Revision of Problem Gambling specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More To describe and analyse the negative effects gambling has on individuals in Leeds. To evaluate the importance of problem gambling and its different forms. To analyse its impact on a sufferer’s social and personal life. To establish the relationship between a gambler and his preferred casino, to determine what motivates them to go, what drives them to stay and gamble continuously? Literature review Notably, gambling may be described as â€Å"a conscious, deliberate effort to stake valuables, usually but not always currency, on how some event happens to turn out (Jazaeri and Bin-Habil, 2012, para 4). Many people view gambling as a way of risking money in order to make money. However, people who have won the valuable stakes do not stop playing, and those who have lost do not stop gambling. The youths in the society are also victims of gambling as they engage in gambling activities more than any other addictive activity such as smoking or alcohol drinking. This is a cause for concern keeping in mind that the youths are the future of the society (Allen, 2011and Wildman, 1997). According to the research done by Derevensky in 2012, it was noted that there are various reasons as to why the youths engage themselves in gambling. The majority of them did it for enjoyment and others engaged in gambling to make money. Others indulged in gambling for excitement, relations and to hide from daily problems. Still, others engaged in gambling as a social activity and to have a feeling of being mature (Derevensky, 2012, p. 76). Notably, many people do not want to be associated with gambling because they feel that it is associated with the loss of the trust, lying, and loss of money among other bad behaviours (Thompson, 2001). However, there are circumstances that force them into gambling. For example, gambling can occur on a continuum with many individuals not engaging in the act at all. In additions, there are those individuals, wh o gamble once in a while, or those engaging in the activity many times and experiencing minimum negative financial or social consequences (Meyer, 2008). Impact of problem gambling on social personal life Gamblers who gamble frequently with valuable stakes and cannot even stick to their pre-set limits of time and the stakes may find themselves with severe problems (Derevensky, 2012 p. 31-32).Advertising Looking for case study on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The gambling related problems impact on individuals in different ways. Some of them may lose control once. This may spell their fate because of their episodic and short-lived control loss. To others, losing control may be a progressive disorder. In this case, it becomes habitual or addictive in a way that no matter how hard the victims try to get themselves out of gambling activities. This becomes problematic, and the victims always go back to gamble. The gambling disorder has been given many names such as pathological gambling, problem gambling, compulsive gambling, or disordered gambling (Doweiko, 2009). When individuals get addicted to gambling, they cause many problems to themselves including emotional, familial, psychological, interpersonal, financial and legal problems (Grant Potenza, 2004, p. 4). Since many people are exposed to gambling, knowing that it is about taking risks and controls, they get attracted into trying their luck. The losers tend to keep on trying while app reciating that the activity is a game (Cunningham, 2011). In the process, both winners and losers blindly find themselves so much into the game that it gets hard for them to quit. They become addicts of gambling (Bledsoe, 2004, p. 86). In most cases, the youths are the most affected by the gambling activity (Fabiansson, 2010). According to research by Derevensky in 2012, it is evident that the adolescents get exposure to gambling early before they start experimenting with cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, drug use, or engaging in sexual activities. A research by Griffiths and Sutherland in 1998 discovered that many youths between the age of 11 years and 16 years engaged themselves in gambling at least once a week; they often smoked cigarettes; got drunk with alcohol regularly and took illegal drugs. Through the psychological perspective, one can handle matters that are related to emotions (Orford, Sproston, Erens, White and Michtell, 2003). For example, in that situation, emotion al control could be more important than financial gains in understanding gamblers (Beilstein, 1979, p. 305). Gambling can be correlated with other addictive activities such as the use of tobacco, drug abuse, and taking alcohol (Sirgy, 2012, p. 38). People often assume the addictive behaviours and take them as prototypical moments of behaviours that are not truly self controlled and lacking self governance (Wengler, 2006, p. 127). Pathological gamblers invest a lot into the gambling activity. In this case, they put their personal relationships, occupational status and financial stability at risk. Such people are difficult to handle. Regardless of the increase of family and financial distress, they continue to gamble. Here, gambling controls them since it is difficult for them to control their urges to gamble (Fortune Goodie, 2009). The pathological gamblers tend to gamble with valuable stakes or high amounts of money in order to satisfy their urges for entertainment and pleasure. Th eir tendency or behaviour of putting gambling in the forefront other than thinking of their personal, occupational, and financial well-being is what makes them great risk takers (Galski, 1987, p. 39). Problem gambling affects or rather impacts the social life of people in a negative manner. The social impacts of problem gambling include the mental health problems, suicide, family or relationship problems, cases of divorce, and vulnerability of generations to come into excessive gambling (Ciarrocchi, 2001). Research studies indicate that problem gambling is on the increase. This is due to the increasing number of people presenting themselves for treatment for problem gambling. It can also be attributed to many divorces that are associated with problem gambling. In addition, the youths are getting involved in gambling at an early age more than they get involved in other addictive activities (Galski, 1987). There have numerous incidences where the youths have been reported to have comm itted suicide due to gambling. The suicidal cases occur as a result of losing huge amounts that are beyond the loose tolerance. When the loss is too much to bear, some problem gamblers who are most probably the youths, commit suicide since the world becomes useless to them after a great loss. That is why some of the youth problem gamblers developmental problems due to confusions that are instrumented by gambling (Nicholas, 1986). Problem gambling makes people suffer because of the need to gamble and the obsessive behaviour. Firstly, such victims of gambling have difficulties in maintaining their personal health (Gerstein et al 1999). Another problem is related to career responsibility. According to the research, many individuals may become jobless, and those who are fortunate to remain in the workplace perform poorly in production due to reporting to the workplace late than required. In this case, they fail to attend to jobs (absenteeism) and get preoccupied with gambling (Dickerson , 1984, p. 38; Ladouceur et al 1994). Problem gambling is of importance when it comes to gauging reliability of things such as in predicting behaviours or population discrimination behaviours. However, it is in most cases associated with negative impacts. In gambling the terms problem gamblers, pathological, or compulsive gamblers are used interchangeably. They are used to define a condition whose characteristics includes a loss of control over gambling, serious disruptions of families and jobs, theft cases and losses or attempts to win back stakes (money) that have been lost while in the gamble (Oei Gordon 2008). Prof Orford (BBC, 2012) noted that those addicted no longer regarded gambling in its sense of winning. He asserted By the time people get compulsive about their gambling, theyre not enjoying it. Theyre torn in two. Theyre dependent on it and getting something psychological from it, but they know its ruining their life in certain ways (BBC, 2012, para 17). Psychological fa ctors of gambling The examples of the psychological factors of gambling include personality features such as dysfunctional and functional impulsivity; poor mechanisms to cope with stress; impaired processing of rewards and the mechanisms of defence such as  feeling guilty and shameful, which drive the ongoing addiction. Dysfunctional impulsivity is associated with a poor response to treatment and not treatment completion. It is most likely that individuals with dysfunctional impulsive will drop out of treatment and report back to problem gambling more than those individuals with functional impulsive. The factor of poor mechanism to deal with stress also affects or rather leads to gambling (Dickerson, 1984, p. 38). Addiction to gambling is not necessarily caused by addiction of money. Most of them do it to escape from stress, painful pasts, seek arousal among other reasons. They gamble to avoid painful emotions, for example; sadness, depression, guilt, shame, and humiliation among others (Ladouceur et al 1994). Therefore, in such a case, the problem gambler will be stressed. Thus, it is most likely that he or she will end up in gambling activities thinking that it is the best way to deal with the stress. This is due to a poor mechanism of dealing with the stress. The factor of impaired processing of rewards and mechanisms of defence such as the guilt and shame that one feels makes a problem gambler to continue with their addiction (Ciarrocchi, 2001). This factor tries to explain that the problem gambler continues with the addictive thinking that it is the best solution. However, in the real sense, this is like burying himself deep to the extent that turning to normal life becomes impossible (Oei Gordon 2008). The theories of people’s emotions or feeling while gambling includes the sensational or arousal theory, the opponent-process theory, and the reversal theory. The sensational theory explains that the need for excitement is a trait that is biologic al, and this is different from one individual to another. Since gambling is known to be an addictive behaviour, the gamblers will do their best in order to meet their needs (Chapman, 2007). This will be achieved after the reinforcement of their emotional relief. The theory of opponent process explains that arousal from opponent A is automatically counteracted by that of B or C. The theory further explains that, with repetition, the response of A will grow weaker in the process while that of B will be stronger and long-lasting. This shows that high-stake gamblers are motivated by opponents, and that is why the pathological gamblers enjoy this theory. The reversal theory shows that different individuals need either to be stimulated or tranquillised, and these guys behave in ways that direct them to that state (Oei Gordon 2008). Casino gambling can be more fun and profitable as well to people or players’ mental and physical health. They are associated with dangers such as cheat ing among gamblers, machine malfunctions, and criminality among many others (Crowder, 2006). Cases of arrests due to cheating and other criminality are common in casinos. For example, people get arrested because of manipulating EGMs. The cheating gamblers and the gambling operators take advantage of each other. In this case, as the gamblers try to cheat the operators, they in return can also try to scam the gamblers. These people may end up shooting each other. This is exactly what happens in most cases when they conflict with each other. The casino environment is well planned to take people’s money. In this case, the casinos have no windows or clocks to distract the patrons from gambling. This makes the gamblers forget their schedules and continue playing till their pockets are empty. In addition, there are only pictures of winners and not losers, which adorn the atrium walls, there are scantily dressed cocktail waitresses, free alcoholic beverages among other attractions. T hey operate on a 24-hour basis, which adds to the owners’ advantages.The environment is very attractive, and that is why people develop problem gambling at the shortest time possible (Crowder, 2006). There are flashing lights, whistles and bells. Their advertisements and slogans are set in a way that the gambler will not be much concerned about the amount they lose. In this case, they gamblers do not notice when their pockets are running out. The Cognitive model of gambling asserts the activity emanates from illogical beliefs. Those addicted to gambling have illogical beliefs that they stand a high chance of winning. They do not value the amount they spend but instead overestimate the amount they will gain in the gamble (Georgakopoulos, 2005). Reference List Allen, WD 2011, Criminals and victims], Stanford, California, Stanford Economics and Finance, an imprint of Stanford University Press. Andrews, R Haythornthwaite, CA 2007, The Sage handbook of e-learning research. SAGE, London. BBC 2011, Gambling problems on the increase in Britain. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-12465204 BBC 2012, Gambling addict tells of fight to save family life. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-20181353 Beilstein, FK 1979, Beilsteins Handbuch der organischen Chemie. 5. Bd. 3. Tl. 4. Ergänzungswerk, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Berleur, J 2010, What kind of information society governance, virtuality, surveillance, sustainability, resilience; proceedings, Springer, Berlin. Bledsoe, B 2004, the battle of the binge: book and workbook, Bledsoe and Bledsoe Pub. Spartanburg, SC. Bourie, S Curtis, A 2006, American casino guide, Dania, Casino Vacations, Fla. Ciarrocchi, JW 2001, Counseling Problem Gamblers: A Self-Regulation Manual for Individual and Family Therapy, Elsevier, Burlington. Collins, P 2003, Gambling and the public interest, Praeger, Westport, Conn. [u.a.] Crowder, J, E,2006, Casino gambling: For fun and profitOutskirts Press, Inc, Denver, Colo. Crowder, JE 2006, Casino gambling: For fun and profit, Outskirts Press, Inc. Denver, Colo. Cunningham, D 2011, Psychiatric tales: Eleven graphic stories about mental illness. Bloomsbury, New York. Cushman, G 2005, free time and leisure participation. International perspectives, CABI, Wallingford. Derevensky, JL 2012, teen gambling: understanding a growing epidemic, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Md. Dickerson, MG 1984, Compulsive gamblers, Longman, London. Doweiko, HE 2009, Concepts of chemical dependency. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA. Fabiansson, C 2010, Pathways to excessive gambling: A societal perspective on youth and adult gambling pursuits, Farnham, Surrey, Ashgate, England. Galski, T 1987, The Handbook of pathological gambling, C.C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., USA. Georgakopoulos, N, L, 2005, Principles and methods of law and economics: Basic tools for normative reasoning Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Grant, JE Potenza, MN 2004, and Pathological gambling: a clinical guide to treatment. American P sychiatric Pub. Washington, D.C. Great Britain 2012, The Gambling Act 2005; a bet worth taking? : First report of session 2012-13. Vol. 1, Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, Stationery Office, London. Great Britain Great Britain, 2012, The Gambling Act 2005: A bet worth taking? : First report of session 2012-13, Stationery Office, London. Jazaeri, SA and Bin-Habil, MH 2012, Reviewing Two Types of Addiction – Pathological Gambling and Substance Use, Indian J Psychol Med., vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 5-11. Lee, RM 1993, Doing research on sensitive topics. Sage Publications, London. Meyer, G 2008, Problem gambling in Europe, Springer, Berlin. Nicholas, K, 1986, The social effects of unemployment in Teesside. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Reilly, RF Schweihs, RP 1999, valuing intangible assets, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY [u.a.]. Rule, SP Sibanyoni, C 2000, the social impact of gambling in South Africa: an initial assessment for the National Gamb ling Board, HSRC, [Pretoria]. Saroyan, W 1975, the human comedy, Faber and Faber, London. Sirgy, MJ 2012, the psychology of quality of life hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, and eudaimonia, Springer, Dordrecht. Spapens, AC, Littler, A Fijnaut, C 2008, Crime, addiction and the regulation of gambling, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden. Thompson, WN 2001, Gambling in America: An encyclopedia of history, issues, and society, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara Calif, u.a. Volberg, RA 2001, when the chips are down: problem gambling in America, Century Foundation Press, New York. Wardle, H 2007, British gambling prevalence survey 2007, TSO, Norwich. Wengler, S 2006, Key account management in business-to-business markets an assessment of its economic value, Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Wildman, RW 1997, Gambling: An attempt at Integration, Wynne Resources, Inc. Publisher; National Academies Press, Edmonton.

Mobile Phone Expository Essay Example

Mobile Phone Expository Essay Example Mobile Phone Expository Essay Mobile Phone Expository Essay Essay Topic: Expository Mobile Phone – Friend or Foe? Mobile phones are a mixed blessing for many of us. While some of us may miss the days of going out in public without hearing phones ringing all around us, most people do not miss being stranded on the side of the road with no way to call for help. The allure of having a convenient way to communicate has resulted in an increase in mobile phone usage over the years. Mobile phones have given rise to new rules of etiquette, and even new laws that regulate their use. Concerns about public safety and mobile phones are often in the news, making some people wonder if mobile phones are a good idea. Should you buy a mobile phone, or continue to use one? One advantage of having a mobile phone is free long distance. One of the big reasons for the rise in mobile phone usage is that you can call anywhere in the country for the same price that you can call your next-door neighbour. This lack of long distance charges has led to many people getting mobile phones who ordinarily may not have been interested. Also, many people now use their mobile phones exclusively, after cancelling their home phone service. Having one less bill to pay is definitely a positive. However, mobile phone bills, let alone the cost of the phone itself, are very expensive. If you get a very basic mobile phone plan with only a few minutes allocated for calling time, you will not pay very much every month. However, if you are like most people, you may choose a plan with several hundred or even thousand minutes and will include extras, such as text messaging. These plans can run well more than 100 dollars per month, and may come with a one- or two-year contract, limiting your choices if a cheaper plan becomes available. Woe to those who go over their allotted minutes. Mobile phone bills can easily become 1,000 dollar nightmare. Having said this, mobile phones have other advantages too. With the popularity of mobile phones growing faster than ever, it is a lot easier to keep in contact with friends and family. Never before has it been easier to call your husband or wife on the way home from work and ask to pick up a litre of milk on the way home. Parents everywhere are enjoying the ability to call their child at midnight and find out why he or she isnt home yet. Worried people everywhere are able to gain a degree of reassurance because of the mobile phone. Some people are enjoying the GPS capabilities that some phones have, enabling them to track the location of their friends and family as they go about their daily lives. This makes it easier for people to know exactly where they are and who theyre with. As helpful as the mobile phone is to helping us to keep track of others, this unfortunately means that others can constantly keep track of us. A girlfriend might call her partner incessantly to check up on him. If limits are not quickly set, this behaviour can become a serious case of harassment. The GPS capability of mobile phones is also something that can be abused. It opens the door for controlling individuals to give full rein to their stalker tendencies. Sometimes its a good thing for people not to know exactly where you are at every moment. As irritating as this may be, mobile phones can be useful in other ways. Mobile phones can provide a degree of safety that previous generations only dreamed of. These days, you can go anywhere in the world with a mobile phone, and with the proper service, be able to notify someone if you are in trouble, even if you are on top of a mountain in Nepal. Most people arent mountain climbers, but cars do break down and when they do, its nice to have a mobile phone to call the mechanic. Mobile phones also come in handy when you are meeting someone for the first time. If you feel threatened in any way, you have an emergency number right there in your hand. The GPS capability that some mobile phones possess also has enabled trackers to find people who have become lost. However, in order for this service to be active, the application must be activated. Mobile phones can help us in many different ways, but they do also contain serious safety concerns. People like to carry their mobile phones with them in the car in case of emergency, but they also like to have them in case they get a call they dont want to miss. Many accidents have been caused by people talking on mobile phones while driving. So many, in fact, that legislation has been passed prohibiting conversation on mobile phones while driving in Australia. Another safety concern is that mobile phones could increase the risk of brain tumours or other diseases. Studies have shown that radiation given off by mobile phones can damage cells, leaving cells susceptible to cancers and tumours. While mobile phones can be annoying, expensive and sometimes hazardous, they can also be very helpful, whether it be helping us to communicate with family and friends, to help us feel safe or immediately know the whereabouts of a loved one. Mobile phones are seen as a must have accessory to some, while others believe they are completely unnecessary. Whatever the case, mobile phones have their pros and cons. It’s up to you to decide who outweighs who. By Jeff Burr

Criminal Law 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law 1 - Essay Example The general rule at common law is that when a defendant has caused a victim's death, and has been proved to have had the necessary mens rea for murder, he may be able to avoid a conviction for murder by establishing that he comes within the scope of the defence of diminished responsibility. In such instance, if the defendant succeeds with the defence, his liability is reduced from murder to manslaughter, the sentence for which is at the discretion of the judge. This form of manslaughter is described as "voluntary" because there will have been evidence that the defendant did intend to kill or cause grievous bodily harm bur certain kinds of extenuating circumstances partially excuse his conduct. In the present case, Arnold had recently been diagnosed, but not treated, with severe depression. This is a ground for diminished responsibility. The rule is that if the defendant can prove on a balance of probabilities a defence of diminished responsibility, he will be guilty of manslaughter rather than murder. The statutory basis for the defence of diminished responsibility is set forth in section 2 (1) of the Homicide Act of 1957 which provides. "Where a person kills or is party to a killing of another, he shall not be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or injury) as substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing." An abnormality of mind is a state of mind which the reasonable man would consider abnormal. It is thus defined widely. In R v. Byrne (1960) 2 QB 396, the defendant had strangled a young woman and then mutilated her body. He claimed he was subject to an irresistible or almost irresistible impulse because of violent perverted sexual desires which overcame him and had done so since he was a boy. There was evidence that he was a psychopath, and could exercise but little control over his actions. The defence of diminished responsibility was rejected by the trial judge, and the defendant was convicted of murder. The Court of Appeal allowed the defendant's appeal on the basis that the trial judge had been wrong to exclude, from the scope of the defence, situations where a defendant was simply unable to exercise any self-control over his actions. Lord Parker, CJ said: "Abnormality of mind means a state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal. It appears to us to be wide enough to cover the mind's activities in all its aspects, not only the perception of physical acts and matter, and the ability to form a rational judgement whether an act is right or wrong, but also the ability to exercise will power to control physical acts in accordance with the rational judgment. According to the commentaries of Clarkson and Keating (2003), diminished respon