Airline Deregulation Act Of 1978 Signed - 1398 Words

INTRODUCTION Airline deregulation is the process of removing the government-imposed regulations on the entry of new airlines as well the airline fare limiting the competition and growth of the airline industry. In the United States, airline deregulation mainly refers to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 signed by President Carter. President Carter signed the Act, but the act was proposed initially during Nixon’s presidency, and was carried out by the Ford Administration. The airline industry was growing dramatically during the 1960s and mid-1970s. Due to the steady increase in the demand, airlines were facing three major difficulties- lack of free and stable market, high ticket prices leading to poor productivity, and rising†¦show more content†¦Section four, will be an overview of post-deregulation strategies and its success. Section five, will address the present day oligopolistic domestic airline market and explain how it is hurting social welfare. Section six, will present methods such as â€Å"mergers† or â€Å"alliances† which are being utilized to prevent competition. Section seven, will outline the major historic event of 9/11 and the impact it had on the airline industries, as it strongly called for government involvement. Lastly, I will conclude with few remarks. SECTION TWO: History of the airline industry and the CAB The beginning of government-imposed regulations on the airline industry can be dated back to the passage of the Civil Aeronautics Act in 1938. (Millbrooke, 2006) The Civil Aeronautics Act was responsible for transferring federal responsibilities for non-military aviation from the Bureau of Air Commerce to a new independent agency referred to as the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The Civil Aeronautic Authority soon became Civil Aeronautics board (CAB) and had three major functions: to award routes to airlines, limit the competition by controlling the entry of new air carriers into the market, and to regulate the air fares. (Millbrooke, 2006) The established practices of the commercial passenger can be dated even further back to the policies of Walter Folger Brown, the U.S. postmaster general in

Strategies for Math and Note Taking - 649 Words

Bianca Fields Miss Dibble SDS101 9 November 2015 Strategies for Math and Note Taking I believe Math is learned by doing the problems and doing the homework. The problems help you learn the formulas you need to know, to help with problem solving. I have learned from my own personal experience that you must keep up with the Instructor: attend class, read the text and do homework every day. Falling a day behind puts you at a disadvantage. Falling a week behind puts you in deep trouble. I have found that college Math is much different than high school math. College math class meets less often and covers material at about twice the pace than a High School course does. You are expected to understand new material much more quickly. So it†¦show more content†¦Another strategy I would like to try is to create my own abbreviation system, that would make it easier and quicker to take notes. Sometimes it is hard to pull out the main idea of a lecture. Highlighting important facts can make it easier to come up with the main idea. Bein g an active listener is important in how well you perceive your instructors lesson and how well you get your notes. Another strategy, is reviewing your notes. I find that it’s easy to forget what we have wrote down. Reviewing your notes allows maximum recall of the material you write down. Recording the general main idea and details can be more useful than verbal notes. Notes serve to record information for recall and should show the main points of the lecture in an organized manner so that the relationship between points and details are easy to tell apart. I believe all these strategies are very important to my success. I realize there are a lot of strategies to becoming a better student. Although, I haven’t attempted all the above strategies, the ones I have tried have been very helpful. I am going to follow and come up with new strategies to help further my chance at success in attending college. I’m grateful that I have been given an opportunity to better my life and my son’s life as well. The one thing no one can ever take away, is yourShow MoreRelatedFour Teaching Strategies That Increase Curiosity in Math Essay1256 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many strategies and techniques that could be used in the classroom to encourage curiosity in math, but the four I chose to discuss I thought would be the most beneficial. This is due to the way they support auditory, visual, and kinesthetic styles of learning. The four strategies teachers could use to encourage curiosity towards mathematics in a classroom include co-operative learning, guided or discovery learning, simulate real life experiences, and active student learning. These fourRead MoreSucceed In Life900 Words   |  4 Pageswant to talk about what I’ve learned about becoming successful in the classroom and at home since they are the most significant in my opinion. 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Marketing Starts Long Before a Product Is Produced. Explain Essay Example For Students

Marketing Starts Long Before a Product Is Produced. Explain Essay Marketing must play the leading role in shaping business strategy as Philip Kettle said, marketing is the social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging product and value with others, A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, use or assumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organization and ideas. Marketing holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction ore effectively and efficiently than competitors do. Thus marketing starts with identifying consumer needs , then the product and services are planned according to the needs of the customer rather than the availability of materials and machinery. The goal Of marketing is to attract new customers and keeping them by delivery satisfaction. The focus of this concept is on customer orientation. MARKETING RESEARCH A company obtained hundreds of idea from internal and external customers, sales people etc, in order to ascertain the need for producing a new product through market research activities. Marketing research is a link between nonuser and public to the marketer through information that is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems, to generate, refine and evaluate marketing action, to monitor marketing performance, and to improve understanding of the marketing process. For instance apple computer wants to know how many and what kind of people or companies will buy its new ultra light personal computer. Marketing research specify the information need to address marketing issues, design the method tort collecting information,manage and implement the data collection process,analyses the results and communicate he findings and their implication. FORECASTING The organization must plan and predict what will happen in the few years to come and how they are likely to affect the companys products or services consumers taste and preferences keep changing The company therefore predicts whether a particular product /service is going to gain market share and adjust tactics so as to develop products that will be able to compete in the market and help the company survive. MARKET AUDIT The marketing audit is a systematic assessment Of the organizations marketing objectives, strategies, and performance. It provides the foundation for setting realistic Objectives and defining realistic strategies. It is divided into two parts. Firstly, it looks outside the organization to make sense of the environment the organization operates in,and identifies opportunities and threats. The external environment looks at political, economic, social and technological issues (the PEST analysis). Political: Marketing decisions are strongly affected by developments in the political environment. The marketer must take these into consideration: k What laws affect our marketing practice? K Is the law likely to change? Is the government likely to change? K Is this likely to affect our business? Economic issues: The economic environment consist of factors that affect consumers purchasing power and spending patterns. * Will the level Of inflation or unemployment affect our business? *Will interest rate go up or down? * How will income distribution and changes in purchasing power and changing consumer spending patterns affect or favor us? Social issues: Are consumer lifestyles changing and do we need to respond to this? The recent increase emphasis on ethics and social responsibility, how will we reduce the product to conform to these standards Technological issues: * What changes are taking place from a technological perspective? *Will our competitors have an advantage over us through new technology? Tater thoroughly analyses these issues, the organization does internal assessment. Do we have enough raw materials ? * Can we obtain them locally or import them? K Do eve have adequate, trained and skilled personnel to carry out the new product development or we have to employ new staff, * Do we machinery instead of human * Do eve have enough capital to produce new products MARKET SEGMENTATION Means dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers vivid different needs, characteristics or behaviors Who might require separate product or marketing mix. The company identifies different ways to segment the market and develop profiles Of the resulting market segments. Consumer markets can be segmented by many variables: * Geographic :nations, states, regions, countries etc * Demographic age. Ex, gender, family etc * Socio-economic: income, occupation, education etc. Having segmented the market, the company will know which segment to target and the components in that market. The product that will be relevant to their needs and the means by which the company can serve them better. POSITIONING TEST MARKET Test marketing gives the marketer experience with the marketing the product before going to the great experience of full introduction, It lets the company test the product and its entire marketing programs COMMERCIALISMS Fifth product is successful, then the product needed to be launch. .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .postImageUrl , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:hover , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:visited , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:active { border:0!important; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:active , .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf3356d335653009db4923f2f209691b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biography Precis -- Black Boy EssayThere are certain factors to be considered before launching a product. That is, timing : How the product is to be launched. K Where the product will be launched and When the product will be launched All these start before the product is produce and continues after launching the product, management wants the product to enjoy along and happy life They want to recover a decent profit to cover all the effort and risk that went into launching it. Marketing start long before a product is produce and continue through the product life cycle(PL) trying to find new customers and keep kind customers. The product life cycle is a course that a products sales camp; profits take over its lifetime. The PL tryst to find new customers, improve product, appeal camp: performance, learn from product sales result. The product passes through the PL where a new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity and decline. Product development; this begins when the company finds and develop a new product idea. Introduction stage is a period of slow growth as the product is being introduce in the market. Grooving stage : is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits, Maturity stage : is a period of slow down in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance why most potential buyers Decline stage: is the period hen sales tall off and profit drop. Because the company dont want to die, they do re-purchase to keep effective relationship.

Buyer Decision-Making Process

Question: Analysis of the External and Internal Factors Affecting the Buyer Decision-Making Process. Answer: Consumers are continually developing their purchasing behavior based on various life circumstances. Consumer behavior denotes the process which buyers pass through when making purchases and it encompasses factors that affect their usage and decision (Berkowitz 2006, p.101). Various factors also influence consumers choice of retailers, the brands they buy, as well as their shopping habits. Moreover, consumers are always influenced by factors such as psychology, personality, membership faction, social cluster, subculture, and culture in their decision-making process (Rani 2014, p.54). Every consumer has to go through a process of decision-making when purchasing various products. The process has five stages including the recognition of a problem, information searching, alternatives evaluation, purchase decision, and after purchase behavior (Hoyer, Deborah Rik 2013, p.189). Every stage in the decision-making process is strongly affected by the psychological, personal, social, and cultur al characteristics of the consumers. Thus, the paper analyzes various internal and external factors that affect an individuals decision to purchase a car. Both external and internal factors work together and are inter-linked to help the buyer in making various business decisions. External Factors Consumer buying decisions are frequently influenced by factors or issues that are beyond their control. Consumers always encounter numerous external influences when making purchasing decisions such as an individuals household structure, subculture, culture, and groups that he/she relates to (Dudovskiy 2013, par.4). They are called external influences by business owners and marketers because the influence source emanates from the customers external environment. The following is a detailed analysis of the external factors that influence consumer buying behavior. Group Behavior People are known to be social by nature, and they love to relate with various groups. Groups signify more than two people who share common beliefs, norms, or values and interrelate to accomplish a mutual or individual goal (Wright 2006, p.24). It is evident that almost every consumer behavior occurs when an individual is in a grouping environment. Usually, the norms of a group cover every important aspect of the groups functioning and flouting those rules may result in penalties. Moreover, a consumers behavior of buying goods and services can be influenced by the groups nature. For example, a consumer can buy various products depending on the groups cohesiveness, how frequently they interact and membership exclusiveness. Currently, various groups are focusing on the nature of products including their uniqueness and visibility characteristics (Szwacka-Mokrzycka 2015, p.151). Groups such as reference groups serve as comparison points for a person in developing either specific or genera l attitudes, and values. For instance, some people purchase Chevrolet car brand because, in their group, it signifies power and wealth. Family A family is a group of more than two individuals related by adoption, marriage, or birth and living together. Peoples immediate family associates play a significant role in affecting their buying behavior (Rani 2014, p.53). What individuals adopt from their parents eventually becomes their culture. In essence, when a person sees something from childhood, it becomes his/her habit or lifestyle. The family is the greatest basic consumption entity for many consumer goods. For instance, if a person is used to seeing members in their family drive a Mercedes-Benz, there is the likelihood that he/she in future will purchase a Mercedes-Benz. Culture Culture affects consumers through various values and norms formed by the existing society. Culture is an extensive environmental aspect that affects consumers behavior. According to various scholars, culture is always inculcated as it can be passed from one age-group to another through institutes such as religion and family members (Rani 2014, p.55). Additionally, when culture evolves it can affect the advantages of a brand or product with novel values. Hence, culture can make it necessary to change various products if the value cannot gratify the society, for example, TV series, or movies. Culture enables marketing managers to concentrate on customs, beliefs and values shared by a specific generations members to make them suitable clients for exceptional marketing attention. Therefore, individuals from cultures that value power, wealth, and influence will definitely purchase a car that exhibits these attributes such as Audi, Chevrolet, or Mercedes Benz. Social Class Various forms of social stratification or social structure have existed in every society throughout human existence. The social class of a consumer denotes his/her standing and ranking in society. Furthermore, there are numerous factors that determine an individuals social class, for example, income, education, and occupation (Burrow Bosiljevac 2012, p.168). Income is a significant determinant of social class, but there are other factors that compliment earnings. For instance, an individuals area of residence, world-view, and cultural interests are vital factors that determine the social class of a person. Wright (2006, p.26), asserts that social class is measured on the basis of prestige, power, and relative wealth. Hence, there are various levels of the social class including the lower class, working class, middle class, and upper class. Each social class has its purchasing tendencies and lifestyle orientation. For example, the lower class likes purchasing the readily available go ods and love having a close family relationship. The working class loves newest appliances, food items, and sporting events while the middle class always go for products in fashion, home items, nice clothing, and goods associated with self-presentation. On the other hand, the upper class loves art, traveling, equipment, quality merchandise as well as recreation and expensive hobby. In this context, the brand of a car that individuals purchase greatly depends on their social standing in the society. For instance, an individual from the low socio-economic background cannot afford to purchase a Mercedes-Benz or Chevrolet because their disposable income cannot allow that to happen. Internal Factors Internal factors also known as psychological factors fall into four categories including learning, perception, motivation, needs as well as attitudes and beliefs (Lejniece 2011, p.1275). Needs Need recognition is an internal stimulus that tells an individual that there is a gap between his/her real situation and the desired and ideal one. Hence, need recognition is a significant and the foremost step in the process of purchasing any product (Rani 2014, p.56). Therefore, if a person wants to satisfy his/her need, he/she would not mind the type of car to purchase as long as it serves his/her need. Personality According to Lantos (2015, p.105), personality is a set of specific characteristics and traits of every individual. Personality encompasses the interaction of physiological and psychological characteristics that results in a persons consistent behavior. Eventually, personality materializes into various traits such as sociability, confidence, ambition, charisma, autonomy, shyness, adaptability, and curiosity. Consequently, the personality of a consumer will influence his/her purchasing habits and shopping behavior (Rani 2014, p.56). For instance, people tend to purchase car brands that reflect their personality in the society. Learning It is evident that people learn through actions. When people act, they learn. It means that an individuals behavior changes as he/she acquires experience and information (Nayeem Casidy 2015, p.70). For example, when a person has a bad experience with a product, he will not buy it in future because he has learned its shortcomings. However, if customers have a good experience with certain products they will buy them in future. Beliefs and Attitudes According to Barber Dodd (2009, p.53), beliefs are convictions that individuals have on something. Through the experiences that consumers acquire, their learning and their external influences, they develop beliefs that influence their buying behavior. On the other hand, attitude is a feeling, an evaluation of an idea or object and the tendency to take action in a particular manner toward that idea. Attitudes allow people to develop a consistent behavior against a group of same ideas or objects. Equally, attitudes and beliefs are anchored in the mind of an individual and are hard to change. Therefore, if an individual believes that Toyota is the quality car brand in the market, it becomes very tough to change his/her mind regarding the brand. Perception Perception is the procedure through which a person organizes, selects, and interprets any received information in order to take an action (Lejniece 2011, p.1275). The perception regarding any situation can decide how and if an individual will decide to do something. Experiences, personal characteristics, and beliefs of people will have varied perception regarding different products such as car brands. Motivation Motivation drives a consumer to develop a buying or purchasing behavior. Motivation involves a need expression which becomes persistent forcing the consumer to desire to satisfy the same need (Lejniece 2011, p.1276). Additionally, motivation works at the subconscious level, the reason it is hard to measure. In essence, motivation is linked to the need and is articulated in the similar classification type as described in the levels of the customer purchasing decision process (Jham Puri 2014, p.3). Analysis of Consumer Decision-Making Theories Utility theory posits that decisions are made by consumers based on the outcomes they expect from the decisions they make. For this reason, consumers tend to make a decision that will maximize their well-being. For example, if a consumer intends to purchase a car, he/she would search the internet to identify the brand with the highest utility. Prospect theory, on the other hand, posits that an item is considered valuable if it is owned by few individuals in the society. To showcase class and power, an individual will prefer buying car brands such as Lexus and Mercedes-Benz. Consideration theory points out that a consumer always has a list of brands to choose from when making a purchasing decision. However, the consumer will always choose from the active brands in the market. The involvement theory argues that a brand is chosen based on its significance in the life of the consumer. For instance, individuals belonging to certain groups will favor certain brands because they denote a se nse of belonging. References Barber, N., Dodd, T., 2009. The Influence of Purchase Confidence on Information Source Selection: Implications for Hospitality Industry. FIU Hospitality Review, 2(1), pp. 37-57. Berkowitz, E.N., 2006. Essentials of Health Care Marketing. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Burrow, J., Bosiljevac, J., 2012. Marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Dudovskiy, J., 2013. Consumer Decision-Making Process: A Detailed Analysis. Hoyer, W.D., Deborah, J.M., Rik, P., 2013. Consumer Behavior. Australia: Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jham, V., Puri, S., 2014. Cases on Consumer-Centric Marketing Management. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Lantos, G.P., 2015. Consumer Behavior in Action. London: Routledge. Lejniece, I., 2011. Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior Assuming and Fulfilling Credit Liabilities in Latvia. Economics Management, 16, pp. 1274-1278. Nayeem, T., Casidy, R. 2015. Australian Consumers' Decision-Making Styles for Everyday Products. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 23, pp. 67-74. Rani, P., 2014. Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior. International .Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2(9), pp.52-61. Szwacka-Mokrzycka, J., 2015. Trends in Consumer Behavior Changes. Overview of Concepts. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 14(3), pp. 149-156. Wright, R., 2006. Consumer Behavior. London: Thompson Learning.